Hodgkin's Lymphoma

The cancer of the lymphatic system is called Hodgkin’s Lymphoma. The lymphatic system is a part of the immune system of the human body. While it may occur at any age, it mostly affects the people of 20-40 years age group. It may also affect the people who are over the age of 55 years. There is an abnormal cellular growth of the cells in the lymphatic system that spread to all parts of the body in Hodgkin’s Lymphoma. There are two most common types of cancer in the lymphatic system. Of them, one is the Hodgkin’s Lymphoma (or Hodgkin’s Disease) while the other is the Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma.

The white blood cells protect your body from infections and germs. Hodgkin’s Lymphoma originates from these cells. With the progression of the disease in patients with Hodgkin’s Lymphoma, the body weakens and is unable to fight the body infections. In this disease, the cells begin to multiply and produce malignant cells. These malignant cells have the ability to invade various tissues of the entire human body. Males more commonly suffer from the disease than females.

Types of Hodgkin's Lymphoma

The type of cells and the behavior of the cells involved determine the type of Hodgkin’s Lymphoma.

Classic Hodgkin’s Disease
Nodular Lymphocytic Predominant Hodgkin’s Lymphoma

Classical Hodgkin’s Lymphoma

Classical Hodgkin’s Disease is a more common type of this cancer. People who suffer from this disease have abnormal, large cells. These cells are the Reed-Sternberg cells. There are four subtypes of Classical Hodgkin’s Lymphoma.

Nodular Sclerosis Hodgkin’s Lymphoma- Characterized by collagen bands surrounding one nodule, it has characteristic Hodgkin’s Reed-Sternberg cells that have a lacunar type morphology.
Mixed Cellularity Hodgkin’s Lymphoma- It is a type of Classical Hodgkin’s Lymphoma and is the second most common type. A considerable portion of the affected population suffers from Mixed Cellularity Hodgkin’s Lymphoma.
Lymphocyte-depleted Hodgkin’s Lymphoma- While it is rich in Hodgkin Reed-Sternberg cells, it has a lesser number of non-neoplastic lymphocytes. Lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell responsible for protecting the body from infections.
Lymphocyte-rich Hodgkin’s Lymphoma- It is also a type of Classical Hodgkin’s Lymphoma. It comprises scattered Reed-Sternberg cells with a diffuse cellular background. It consists of small lymphocytes with an absence of eosinophils & neutrophils.

Nodular Lymphocytic Predominant Hodgkin’s Lymphoma

It is a rare type of Hodgkin’s Lymphoma. It comprises abnormal, large cells called popcorn cells. They have the appearance of popcorn and hence the name. If diagnosed early, there are high chances of a cure for patients suffering from this disease.

Causes of Hodgkin's Lymphoma

Although the causes for Hodgkin’s Lymphoma remains unknown, it begins with a genetic mutation in the germ-fighting cells called the lymphocytes. The cells multiply instantly because of the genetic mutation and result in diseased cells that further multiply to spread throughout the body. There are large number of abnormal lymphocytes because of the genetic mutation that accumulates in the lymphatic system. They outnumber the healthy cells to cause Hodgkin’s Lymphoma.

Symptoms of Hodgkin's Lymphoma

The signs and symptoms of Hodgkin’s Lymphoma are:

Night sweats
Increased sensitivity to the effects of alcohol
Painless swelling of the lymph nodes in the neck and armpit region
Unexplained weight loss
Fatigue
Pain in the lymph nodes after the consumption of alcohol
Fever
Severe itching

Diagnosis of Hodgkin's Lymphoma

For the diagnosis of Hodgkin’s Lymphoma, your doctor will note down your medical history. He may also ask about the medical history of your family and your personal history. The doctor will recommend some tests and procedures for the diagnosis of Hodgkin’s Lymphoma.

Physical examination

The doctor can easily diagnose the symptoms of Hodgkin’s Lymphoma upon doing your physical examination. He may check for the swelling in the lymph nodes present in your spleen, liver, neck, armpit, and groin region.

Testing of blood

Blood tests are a common method of diagnosis for various diseases, including Hodgkin’s Lymphoma. The doctor asks for a sample of your blood. The pathologists examine the blood sample in the lab to check for the cells responsible for causing Hodgkin’s lymphoma.

Imaging tests

Your doctor may also recommend imaging tests to check for the signs and symptoms indicating Hodgkin’s Lymphoma in various parts of your body. The most common imaging tests are x-ray, positron emission tomography, and computed tomography.

Lymph node biopsy procedure

Lymph node biopsy procedure is a very common and accurate procedure for the diagnosis of Hodgkin’s Lymphoma. It requires the removal of a lymph node for the testing of the disease in the laboratory. The pathologist will look for the symptoms of Hodgkin’s Lymphoma if the abnormal Hodgkin’s Reed-Sternberg cells are present in the lymph nodes.

Bone marrow sample for testing

Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy is another commonly used procedure for the diagnosis of Hodgkin’s Lymphoma. The doctor collects a sample of bone marrow by inserting a needle in your hipbone. The pathologist analyzes the sample in the laboratory to find out abnormal cells present in Hodgkin’s Lymphoma.

Treatment options for Hodgkin's Lymphoma

The type of disease, the stage & severity of the disease, your health, your age and your preferences play an essential role in the treatment options for Hodgkin’s Lymphoma. The primary motive of the treatment for Hodgkin’s Lymphoma is to bring the disease under control and destroy as many cancer cells to prevent the spread of cancer.

Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy involves the usage of drug treatment containing chemicals to kill the cells of Hodgkin’s Lymphoma. The drugs used for chemotherapy travel throughout our body through the blood and reach the various organs of the body to kill the abnormal cells. The doctors usually combine chemotherapy with radiation therapy for effective results. The administration of chemotherapy drugs is in the form of pills or through the veins. There might be some side effects associated with chemotherapy that include nausea and hair loss.

Radiation therapy

Radiation therapy involves the usage of high-energy beams like protons and X-rays that have the ability to kill the cancer cells of Hodgkin’s Lymphoma. A typical radiation therapy treatment lasts a few weeks for five days a week.

BMT

In this, the healthy cells replace the abnormal Hodgkin’s Lymphoma cells for the growth of new bone marrow. It is a favorable option if the Hodgkin’s Lymphoma reoccurs in your body.

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Hodgkin’s Lymphoma