What is Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML)
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia (AML) is a type of cancer that affects the blood and bone marrow, the spongy tissue inside bones where blood cells are produced. The term “acute” indicates the rapid progression of the disease, while “myelogenous” refers to its impact on myeloid cells—precursors to various mature blood cells, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. AML is also known by several other names, including acute myeloid leukemia, acute myeloblastic leukemia, acute granulocytic leukemia, and acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. This diversity in terminology reflects variations in the disease’s characteristics and the specific types of cells affected.
Symptoms of AML
In its early stages, AML can present symptoms that may resemble those of the flu or other common illnesses. The signs and symptoms can include:
- Fever: A common symptom that may indicate an underlying infection or the body’s response to leukemia.
- Bone Pain: Discomfort or pain in bones, often due to the overcrowding of abnormal cells in the bone marrow.
- Lethargy and Fatigue: Persistent tiredness that is not alleviated by rest, stemming from a lack of healthy red blood cells.
- Shortness of Breath: Difficulty in breathing, often due to a reduced number of red blood cells transporting oxygen.
- Pale Skin: A paler appearance resulting from anemia, which is common in individuals with AML.
- Frequent Infections: An increased susceptibility to infections due to a decrease in functional white blood cells.
- Easy Bruising: The presence of unexplained bruises, which can occur when the body lacks adequate platelets.
- Unusual Bleeding: This may manifest as frequent nosebleeds or bleeding from the gums, indicating a disruption in normal blood clotting.
Causes of AML
AML occurs due to mutations in the genetic material (DNA) of bone marrow cells. Normally, DNA regulates cell growth and death, but in AML, these mutations lead to uncontrolled growth and division of cells. The bone marrow produces immature cells known as myeloblasts, which are unable to function properly and can crowd out healthy blood cells.
While the exact causes of these DNA mutations remain unclear, several risk factors have been identified.
Risk Factors of AML
Several factors may increase the likelihood of developing AML:
- Increasing Age: The risk of AML increases with age, particularly in individuals aged 65 and older.
- Sex: Men are statistically more likely to develop AML than women.
- Previous Cancer Treatment: Individuals who have undergone certain types of chemotherapy or radiation therapy may face a higher risk.
- Exposure to Radiation: Those exposed to high levels of radiation, such as survivors of nuclear incidents, have a heightened risk.
- Chemical Exposure: Prolonged exposure to specific chemicals, such as benzene, is associated with an increased likelihood of developing AML.
- Smoking: Cigarette smoke contains harmful substances linked to cancer, including benzene.
- Other Blood Disorders: Individuals with prior blood disorders like myelodysplasia or myelofibrosis may be at greater risk.
- Genetic Disorders: Certain genetic conditions, including Down syndrome, are associated with an elevated risk of AML.
It’s important to note that many individuals diagnosed with AML may have no identifiable risk factors, while others with risk factors may never develop the disease.
Diagnosis of AML
Diagnosing AML typically involves a series of tests:
- Blood Tests: Complete blood counts can reveal abnormal levels of blood cells.
- Bone Marrow Examination: A sample of bone marrow is taken to examine for the presence of myeloblasts and other abnormal cells.
- Genetic Testing: This can identify specific mutations and help classify the leukemia, guiding treatment decisions.
Treatment Options for AML
The treatment of AML aims to achieve remission and restore healthy blood cell production. Common approaches include:
- Chemothe*rapy: A primary treatment method that uses powerful substances to kill cancer cells or stop their growth.
- Targeted The*rapy: Treatments designed to specifically target cancer cells based on their genetic characteristics.
- Supportive Care: This may involve managing symptoms, treating infections, and addressing complications associated with the disease or its treatment.
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia is a complex and aggressive form of cancer that requires timely diagnosis and intervention. Understanding the symptoms, risk factors, and available treatment options can empower patients and their families to seek appropriate care. If you experience any concerning symptoms, it is crucial to consult with a healthcare provider for a thorough evaluation.